Assumptions
The current case fixes a 2050 horizon, hourly balances, candidate network expansion and technology availability. Assumptions are working inputs, not policy commitments.
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Report 01 · The Joule Model
Europe, as one connected system.
A working 2050 model scenario for examining how electricity, hydrogen, methane and synthetic fuels interact across the continent.
Current model
Coupled by design.
The model co-optimises four carrier networks with storage, cross-border flows and demand-side flexibility. Readers can move from the continental picture to country, node, sector and technology views without losing the assumptions beneath the result.
- Horizon
- 2050 scenario
- Time
- Hourly system balance
- Geography
- Country to node
- Status
- Digital report in review
Methodology
Read the result with its conditions.
Outputs
Charts and tables report solved scenario values by geography, carrier, sector and technology. Values remain subject to model and editorial review.
Sources
Source registers are maintained in the study shell, with public reference points including ENTSO-E Transparency, Eurostat and ENTSOG.
Suggested citation: Terajoule (2026), The Joule Model: Europe, as one connected system, working digital report, updated 7 September 2026.
Model architecture
One question.
Four networks.
Electricity
Generation, storage, demand response and candidate transmission expansion are co-optimised at hourly resolution.
Hydrogen
A 110-node network connects electrolysis, reforming, pyrolysis, ammonia gateways and storage.
Methane
Biomethane, LNG backup and pipeline repurposing expose the spatial trade-offs between gas and hydrogen.
Synthetic fuels
E-kerosene and e-methanol are represented at system nodes alongside five import gateways.